夷

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夷 U+5937, 夷
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5937
← 夶
[U+5936] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夸 →
[U+5938]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

夷 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN) or 難大弓 (XKN), four-corner 50032, composition ⿻大弓)

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 249, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5852
  • Dae Jaweon: page 509, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 527, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5937

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 夷
2nd round simp. ⿻夫㇆
⿻夫㇆ - 1981
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 夷
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (夷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
桋 *l'iːl, *lil
荑 *l'iːl, *lil
銕 *l'iːl, *l̥ʰiːd
鴺 *l'iːl, *lil
鮧 *l'iːl, *lil
洟 *l̥ʰiːls, *lil
羠 *ljilʔ, *lil
咦 *hril
夷 *lil
姨 *lil
痍 *lil
峓 *lil
恞 *lil
眱 *lil
蛦 *lil
胰 *lil, *lɯ
跠 *lil

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 矢 (“arrow”) + [Term?] (“rope”). Later forms ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“person; big”) + 弓 (“bow”).

Etymology[edit]

According to Yuè Juè Shū (越絕書), 夷 (OC *lil) is also the Yue word for "sea" (1). Therefore, Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d(n)liʔ (“large river, sea”) (whence Khmer ទន្លេ (tŭənlei, “large river”) and Kuy thlèː (“sea”)). Meanwhile, Schuessler associates similar Hmong forms like Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao tl̥e (“river”) (< Proto-Hmong-Mien *gle) to *溪 (OC *kʰeː) "creek, rivulet, rill" instead.

In contrast, Ferlus (2009) reconstructs 夷's Old Chinese pronunciation as [lɨ] and connects 夷 to Proto-Kra-Dai *k-ri: (“Kra-Dai endonym”) (whence Thai ไท (tai, “"Tai endonym"”) and Hlai Hlai (“"Hlai endonym"”)). However, Ferlus concedes that such a derivation of 夷 from *k-ri: "remains speculative, [...] not as firmly established as for Hlai and Tai/Thai".

Meanwhile, Laurent Sagart (2008) instead suggested that the Yi languages were ancestral to Austronesian languages and formed a sister-group to Sino-Tibetan, probably related to Proto-Austronesian *i₃ (“personal article”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • thâi - vernacular;
  • î - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 夷
Mandarin Beijing /i³⁵/
Harbin /i²⁴/
Tianjin /i⁴⁵/
Jinan /i⁴²/
Qingdao /i⁴²/
Zhengzhou /i⁴²/
Xi'an /i²⁴/
Xining /ji²¹³/
Yinchuan /i⁵³/
Lanzhou /i⁵³/
Ürümqi /i⁵¹/
Wuhan /i²¹³/
Chengdu /i³¹/
Guiyang /i²¹/
Kunming /i³¹/
Nanjing /i²⁴/
Hefei /zz̩⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /i¹¹/
Pingyao /i¹³/
Hohhot /i³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦi²³/
Suzhou /ɦi¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦi²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /i⁴⁴/
Tunxi /i⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /i¹³/
Xiangtan /i¹²/
Gan Nanchang /i⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒï¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ji²¹/
Nanning /ji²¹/
Hong Kong /ji²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /i³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /i⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /i²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /i⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zi³¹/
Rime
Character 夷
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 脂 (15)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 以脂切
Baxter yij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jiɪ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ji/
Shao
Rongfen 		/jɪ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ji/
Li
Rong 		/i/
Wang
Li 		/ji/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夷 夷
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yí yí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yij › ‹ yij ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ləj/ /*ləj/
English level, peaceful foreigner (especially to the east)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夷
Reading # 1/1
No. 14862
Phonetic
component 		夷
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		姨
Old
Chinese 		/*lil/

Definitions[edit]

夷

  1. an ancient tribe in eastern China
  2. barbarian; foreigners
    師夷長技以制夷／师夷长技以制夷 [Classical Chinese]  ―  shī yí cháng jì yǐ zhì yí [Pinyin]  ―  learn the Westerners' tricks so as to control them
  3. to level; to raze
  4. flat; level; smooth
  5. to eradicate; to obliterate
  6. someone of the same generation
  7. happy; joyous (Can we add an example for this sense?)
  8. 23rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ease" (𝌜)

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 外國人 (“foreigner”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 夷, 夷人, 外夷, 四夷, 胡人
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 外國人, 外賓, 外人, 洋人
Mandarin Beijing 老外, 色糖
Taiwan 外國人, 老外
Tianjin 老外
Harbin 外國人, 老外
Yantai (Muping) 外國人
Jinan 外國人, 老外, 洋人
Luoyang 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Wanrong 洋人
Xi'an 老外, 洋人
Yinchuan 洋人, 老外, 洋鬼子
Lanzhou 外國人
Yanqi 外國人
Wuhan 外國人, 洋人
Chengdu 老外, 外國人, 洋人
Guiyang 外國人, 洋人
Kunming 老外, 洋老咪
Guilin 外國人
Liuzhou 老外
Xuzhou 老外
Yangzhou 外國人, 老外
Nanjing 外國人, 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Singapore 外國人
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 外國人, 夷人
Cantonese Guangzhou 外國人
Hong Kong 外國人
Taishan 老外
Dongguan 番鬼佬, 鬼佬
Qinzhou 鬼佬, 外國佬, 番鬼佬
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 老番鬼
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 鬼佬
Singapore (Guangfu) 外國人
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 鬼佬
Móng Cái 外國人, 鬼佬
Yangon (Taishan) 紅毛鬼, 外國人
Mandalay (Taishan) 外國人
Gan Nanchang 外國人, 洋人
Pengze 外國佬
Lichuan 外國人, 洋人
Pingxiang 洋人
Hakka Meixian 外國人, 番人, 番仔, 番鬼
Yudu 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 外國人
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 外國人
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 外國人
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 外國人
Huizhou Jixi 外國佬
Jin Taiyuan 外國人, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Xinzhou 外國人
Northern Min Jian'ou 外國人, 番仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 番儂, 番囝, 番囝哥, 鬼佬
Southern Min Xiamen 外國儂, 番仔
Quanzhou 番仔
Hui'an 外國仔
Zhangzhou 番仔
Singapore (Hokkien) 外國儂
Manila (Hokkien) 外國儂
Shantou 外國儂, 番鬼, 番囝
Singapore (Teochew) 外地儂, 外國儂
Leizhou 番邦儂
Central Min Yanping (Wangtai) 外國人
Zhongshan Min Sanxiang 番鬼佬
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 外國人
Wu Shanghai 老外, 外國人, 外頭人, 洋人
Shanghai (Chongming) 外國人
Suzhou 外國人
Danyang 老外, 洋人
Hangzhou 外國佬兒
Wenzhou 番人
Jinhua 外國人, 外國佬, 洋鬼子兒
Xiang Changsha 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人子, 洋人
Loudi 洋人, 外國佬
Note Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory.

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

夷

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. ancient tribes in eastern China
  2. level (flat and low)
  3. levelled destruction

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
夷
えびす
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisə/ → /ebisu/

Shift from Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi), modern Ezo.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

夷(えびす) • (ebisu) 

  1. (historical) Synonym of 蝦夷 (Ezo): an ancient ethnic group attested in the Nihon Shoki that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato.
  2. a person living far away from the 都 (miyako, “capital”), loosely translated to "bumpkin" or "hick"
    Synonym: 田舎者 (inakamono)
  3. (regional, derogatory) a barbarian, savage, especially referring to the 東夷 (azuma-ebisu, “warrior from the eastern parts of Japan”)
    • 1204, Akishino Gesseishū (book 1, poem 223)
      わがおもふ人(ひと)だにすまばみちのくのえびすの里(さと)もうときものかは
      waga omou hito dani sumaba Michinoku no ebisu no sato utoki mono ka wa
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  4. (by extension, derogatory) a foreigner
Derived terms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

夷(えびす) • (Ebisu) 

  1. a surname
  2. alternative spelling of 恵比須 (Ebisu), a Shinto god

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
夷
い
Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

/ji/ → /i/

From Middle Chinese 夷 (MC yij), originally referred to one of the ancient tribes east of China.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

夷(い) • (i) 

  1. those people with differing languages and/or cultures
    Synonym: 異民族 (iminzoku)
  2. a barbarian, savage; uncivilized people (living to the east of ancient Imperial China; included Japan)
    Synonym: 野蛮人 (yabanjin)
  3. a neutral (position)
    Synonym: 無色 (mushoku)
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 夷 (MC yij). Recorded as Middle Korean 이 (i) (Yale: i) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

夷 (eumhun 오랑캐 이 (orangkae i))
夷 (eumhun 평평할 이 (pyeongpyeonghal i))

  1. Hanja form? of 이 (“barbarian”).
  2. Hanja form? of 이 (“flat; level; smooth”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

夷: Hán Nôm readings: dì, dai, di, gì, rợ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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